GazePrinter: Visualizing Expert Gaze to Guide Novices in a New Codebase

TL;DR

GazePrinter visualizes expert gaze patterns to guide novices in understanding new codebases, leading to more expert-like navigation, reduced time, and lower cognitive load during program comprehension.

Contribution

This paper introduces GazePrinter, a novel tool that visualizes expert gaze data to assist novices, integrating gaze-based guidance into development environments for the first time.

Findings

Novices using GazePrinter follow paths closer to experts.

GazePrinter reduces time required for comprehension tasks.

GazePrinter decreases cognitive load on novices.

Abstract

Program comprehension is an essential activity in software engineering. Not only does it often challenge professionals, but it can also hinder novices from advancing their programming skills. Gaze, an emerging modality in developer tools, has so far primarily been utilized to improve our understanding of programmers' visual attention and as a means to reason about programmers' cognitive processes. There has been limited exploration of integrating gaze-based assistance into development environments to support programmers, despite the tight links between attention and gaze. We also know that joint attention is important in collaboration, further suggesting that there is value in exploring collective gaze. In this paper, we investigate the effect of visualizing gaze patterns gathered from experts to novice programmers to assist them with program comprehension in a new codebase. To this end, we present GazePrinter, designed to provide gaze-orienting visual cues informed by experts to aid novices with program comprehension. We present the results of a mixed-methods study conducted with 40 novices to study the effects of using GazePrinter for program comprehension tasks. The study included a survey, a controlled experiment, and interviews. We found that visualization of expert gaze can have a significant effect on novice programmers' behavior in terms of which path they take through the code base; with GazePrinter, novices took a path closer to the path taken by experts. We also found indications of reduced time and cognitive load among novices using GazePrinter.