Direct Numerical Simulations of Ice-Ocean Boundary Turbulence

TL;DR

This study uses direct numerical simulations to explore the complex turbulence and heat transfer processes at ice-ocean boundaries, revealing the roles of buoyancy-driven convection and shear in melting dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces realistic salt diffusivity in simulations, demonstrating the importance of convection and shear effects on melt rates across various conditions.

Findings

Convection remains significant even at near-horizontal slopes.

Strong external shear influences boundary layer thinning and melting.

Simulations align with laboratory melt rate measurements.

Abstract

Turbulent heat and freshwater transport at ice-ocean interfaces controls glacier and iceberg melt rates, yet the underlying physics remains poorly constrained. Parameterizations that assume shear boundary layer scaling are commonly used, which neglects meltwater buoyancy-driven convective processes. Using Direct Numerical Simulations with realistic salt diffusivity, which is critical for representing the thin solutal boundary layer (deltaS ~ 0.4 mm) and resulting convective instabilities, we investigate ice-ocean boundary layer turbulence across varying temperature, salinity, stratification, external velocity, and interfacial slope angles. Our simulations agree with laboratory measurements of melt rate and interfacial temperature. In the absence of external flows, we find no transition from buoyancy-controlled to shear-controlled regimes and convection is important even at near-horizontal slopes. External shear becomes significant only when it is strong enough to thin the thermal and solutal boundary layers, which starts influence melting substantially above background flow speeds of 5 cm/s. Understanding how shear and convection compete to determine the ice-ocean diffusive boundary layer enables accurate melt rate predictions across the parameter space relevant to ice shelves and marine-terminating glaciers.