Programmable, Spontaneous Superlattice Memory in a Monolayer Topological Insulator

TL;DR

This paper reports a novel nonvolatile superlattice memory effect in monolayer TaIrTe4, where information is stored via contrasting lattice periodicities controlled electrostatically, combining topological and lattice instabilities for potential quantum memory applications.

Contribution

It introduces a new nonvolatile memory mechanism based on spontaneous superlattice formation in a topological insulator, controllable by electrostatic tuning, with stability across temperature and doping ranges.

Findings

Spontaneous long-period superlattice observed in monolayer TaIrTe4.

Electrostatic tuning switches superlattice ON and OFF nonvolatily.

Superlattice remains stable over days and above 70 K.

Abstract

Memory is a foundational concept across disciplines, from neurobiology and electronics to artificial intelligence and quantum gravity. In materials, memory effects typically arise from ferroic orders, such as ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, where information is stored in charge or spin degrees of freedom. Here, we report a surprising discovery of a nonvolatile superlattice memory effect in monolayer TaIrTe4, a dual quantum spin Hall insulator, where information is encoded through sharply contrasting lattice periodicities. In particular, in a pristine monolayer, we observe the spontaneous emergence of a long-period superlattice that can be programmed ON and OFF in a nonvolatile manner by electrostatic tuning of low-energy electronic states. This switching toggles the system between two structural configurations with unit cell areas differing by nearly two orders of magnitude. Mechanistically, our results reveal two independent and distinct instabilities, one in the lattice and the other in the QSH electrons, which are coupled, leading to electrostatic control of lattice configurations with nonvolatile memory. This finding is enabled by combining linear and nonlinear transport measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy, which probe complementary aspects of the underlying orders. Remarkably, this nonvolatile memory effect stabilizes a spontaneous superlattice with a periodicity on the few-nanometer scale that remains robust across a wide doping range, persists over days, and survives above 70 K. Combined with the QSH topology, this stability offers a promising route to nonvolatile memory control of topological flat bands and their filling enabled quantum states. Our preliminary data indeed show the emergence of new insulating states at fractional superlattice fillings, which can be clearly switched ON and OFF together with the superlattice.