Joint Return and Risk Modeling with Deep Neural Networks for Portfolio Construction

TL;DR

This paper introduces a deep neural network framework that jointly models returns and risks for portfolio construction, improving prediction accuracy and risk management under dynamic market conditions.

Contribution

It presents a novel end-to-end deep learning approach for simultaneous return and risk modeling, outperforming traditional methods in portfolio performance.

Findings

Achieves 36.4% annual return and 0.91 Sharpe ratio.

Effectively captures volatility clustering and regime shifts.

Outperforms benchmarks in risk-adjusted returns.

Abstract

Portfolio construction traditionally relies on separately estimating expected returns and covariance matrices using historical statistics, often leading to suboptimal allocation under time-varying market conditions. This paper proposes a joint return and risk modeling framework based on deep neural networks that enables end-to-end learning of dynamic expected returns and risk structures from sequential financial data. Using daily data from ten large-cap US equities spanning 2010 to 2024, the proposed model is evaluated across return prediction, risk estimation, and portfolio-level performance. Out-of-sample results during 2020 to 2024 show that the deep forecasting model achieves competitive predictive accuracy (RMSE = 0.0264) with economically meaningful directional accuracy (51.9%). More importantly, the learned representation effectively captures volatility clustering and regime shifts. When integrated into portfolio optimization, the proposed Neural Portfolio strategy achieves an annual return of 36.4% and a Sharpe ratio of 0.91, outperforming equal weight and historical mean-variance benchmarks in terms of risk-adjusted performance. These findings demonstrate that jointly modeling return and covariance dynamics can provide consistent improvements over traditional allocation approaches. The framework offers a scalable and practical alternative for data-driven portfolio construction under nonstationary market conditions.