From Connectivity to Multi-Orbit Intelligence: Space-Based Data Center Architectures for 6G and Beyond

TL;DR

This paper proposes a hierarchical multi-orbit space-based data center architecture for 6G non-terrestrial networks, enabling large-scale direct handset-to-satellite communication with enhanced management, coordination, and intelligence.

Contribution

It introduces a novel multi-orbit in-orbit computing framework combining LEO, MEO, and GEO layers for scalable, energy-efficient, and intelligent DHTS services in 6G networks.

Findings

Hierarchical architecture supports large-scale DHTS with multi-orbit coordination.

Distributed in-orbit computing enhances scalability and resilience.

AI-driven control optimizes resource management and routing.

Abstract

Direct handset-to-satellite (DHTS) communication is emerging as a core capability of 6G non-terrestrial networks, enabling standard devices to directly access low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. While LEO provides the physical access layer for DHTS, large-scale device connectivity introduces challenges in mobility management, interference control, spectrum efficiency, and constellation-wide coordination. Relay-only LEO architectures are insufficient to manage massive handset access under dynamic traffic and energy constraints. This article introduces a hierarchical architecture in which direct handset-to-LEO access is supported by multi-orbit space-based data centers (SBDCs) spanning LEO, medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary Earth orbit (GEO). In this framework, LEO satellites handle radio access and real-time inference, while higher orbital layers provide regional aggregation, global orchestration, and compute-aware routing. By embedding distributed in-orbit computing, energy-aware scheduling, and AI-driven hierarchical control, the constellation evolves from a passive relay network into an intelligent multi-layer system capable of supporting large-scale DHTS services. We discuss key enabling technologies, envisioned multi-orbit integrated Earth-space compute architecture, and open research challenges in integrating multi-orbit computing, highlighting pathways toward scalable and resilient 6G DHTS networks.