Enhanced foreground mitigation in thermal SZ Compton-$y$ maps via polarization and deprojection

TL;DR

The paper introduces a hybrid NILC method that uses polarization data to better separate the thermal SZ signal from Galactic foregrounds in $y$-maps, reducing contamination and improving future survey analysis.

Contribution

It presents a novel hybrid NILC approach combining temperature and polarization maps, enhancing foreground removal in thermal SZ $y$-maps beyond previous methods.

Findings

$40\%$ reduction in Galactic dust correlation in $y$-maps.

Effective suppression of Galactic residuals in simulations for future surveys.

Improved CIB deprojection balancing noise and contamination.

Abstract

Residual foreground contamination in thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) Compton-$y$ parameter maps ($y$-maps) arises mainly from Galactic emissions -- thermal dust and synchrotron radiation -- on large angular scales, and from cosmic infrared background (CIB) anisotropies on small scales. Unlike the thermal SZ effect, Galactic foregrounds are strongly polarized. Exploiting this distinction, we introduce a hybrid Needlet Internal Linear Combination (Hybrid NILC) method that combines Planck total-intensity and polarization frequency maps in the component-separation pipeline, thereby improving the suppression of residual Galactic emission while preserving the unpolarized SZ signal by leveraging the intrinsic $TE$ and $TB$ correlations of thermal dust and synchrotron. Using Planck PR4 data, we find that the Hybrid NILC $y$-map exhibits about $40\,\%$ lower cross-correlation with the IRAS dust tracer than the standard temperature-only Planck $y$-map, indicating reduced residual Galactic contamination. Simulations further indicate that, for future high-sensitivity surveys such as LiteBIRD, the Hybrid NILC will become increasingly effective at suppressing Galactic residuals. We further address small-scale extragalactic contamination by selectively deprojecting specific moments of the CIB using a Constrained Hybrid NILC variant, achieving an improved balance between CIB suppression and noise penalty compared to previous implementations in the literature. These novel approaches -- particularly the joint use of temperature and polarization in component separation -- offer a powerful framework for disentangling polarized and unpolarized signals.