Physics of Collectivity and EOS from the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent measurements of flow in heavy-ion collisions from the RHIC Beam Energy Scan, analyzing how flow patterns change with energy and particle type to understand the QCD phase transition.

Contribution

It provides a systematic analysis of flow measurements across a range of energies, highlighting the breakdown and restoration of NCQ scaling indicating a transition in degrees of freedom.

Findings

NCQ scaling holds at high energies ($ exists$ 4.5 GeV)

Breakdown of NCQ scaling at 3.0 and 3.2 GeV

Possible transition from hadronic to partonic matter between 3.2 and 4.5 GeV

Abstract

In this article we will review recent measurements of directed flow $v_1$ and elliptic flow $v_2$ in Au+Au collisions from the STAR Beam Energy Scan (BES) program. We systematically analyze the $v_1$ distributions for identified hadrons ($\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p/\bar{p}$) and $\Lambda$ hyperon as functions of rapidity ($y$), with particular focus on the mid-central collisions. The energy dependence of the $v_1$ slope is extracted across the BES range ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 -- 200 GeV). The atomic mass number ($A$) dependence of light and hyper nuclei $v_1$ to test the validity of the coalescence production mechanism. The constituent quark number (NCQ) scaling is systematically investigated based on $v_2$ measurements of identified particles and strange hadrons. We find that the NCQ scaling approximately holds in Au+Au collisions when $\sqrt{s_{NN}} \geq$ 4.5 GeV, but completely breaks down at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3.0 and 3.2 GeV. The gradual restoration of NCQ scaling from 3.2 to 4.5 GeV suggests a possible transition in the dominant degrees of freedom from hadrons to partons. The physics of collectivity, equation of the system and relevance to the QCD phase diagram will be discussed within the framework of both hydrodynamic and hadronic transport model calculations.