A Mass Transferring Brown Dwarf Binary on a 57 Minute Orbit

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a rare brown dwarf binary system undergoing stable mass transfer with an extremely short 57-minute orbit, providing new insights into ultracool binary interactions and evolution.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed observation of a mass-transferring brown dwarf binary with a 57-minute orbit, expanding understanding of ultracool binary dynamics.

Findings

Discovered a brown dwarf binary with a 57-minute orbital period.

Detected high amplitude variability indicating an orbiting hot spot.

Inferred accretion and atmospheric temperatures, and measured accretor radius.

Abstract

Mass transfer in stellar binaries has been well studied in most stellar mass ranges, with the notable exception of ultracool stars and substellar brown dwarfs. We report the discovery of ZTF J1239+8347 with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), a brown dwarf binary currently undergoing stable mass transfer with an orbital period of 57.41 minutes. Optical time-series photometry reveals an extremely high amplitude ($> 2$ magnitude peak-to-trough) variability at short wavelengths indicative of an orbiting hot spot slightly buried inside the atmosphere of the accretor. We use parallax measurements from \textit{Gaia} along with optical and near infrared spectra to infer an accretion temperature of $T_\mathrm{eff} = 8904 \pm 54$ K, an atmospheric temperature of the accretor of $T_\mathrm{atmo} \approx 1500$ K, and a slightly inflated accretor radius of $R_{\rm acc} = 1.20^{+0.15}_{-0.11} \, \RJup$. ZTF J1239+8347 is a direct impact accretor, typically only seen in double degenerate white dwarf binaries, which are approximately a million times denser than the components in ZTF J1239+8347. The existence of an accreting brown dwarf binary suggests that angular momentum loss can be strong enough to make ultracool binaries interact in a Hubble time. The observed faintness ($\sim 20$ mag) and relative proximity ($\approx 300$ pc) of ZTF J1239+8347 suggests that many similar systems are likely to be found by the upcoming Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST).