Execution-Grounded Credit Assignment for GRPO in Code Generation

TL;DR

This paper introduces Execution-Grounded Credit Assignment (EGCA), a method that localizes credit assignment in code generation by analyzing execution traces, significantly improving pass rates without additional training components.

Contribution

EGCA provides a critic-free, execution-based credit assignment method that enhances program synthesis performance by pinpointing semantic errors using execution traces.

Findings

Achieves 82.1% pass@1 on HumanEval (+3.1)

Achieves 68.9% pass@1 on MBPP (+1.5)

Adds 18% wall-clock overhead

Abstract

Critic-free reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) improves code generation by optimizing unit-test pass rates, but GRPO-style updates suffer from coarse credit assignment: a single outcome signal is spread uniformly across long programs even when failure stems from a localized semantic error. We propose Execution-Grounded Credit Assignment (EGCA), which localizes GRPO updates using execution traces. For programs that satisfy algorithmic constraints but fail tests, EGCA executes the candidate and a canonical reference solution (curated once offline; used for analysis, not supervision) under identical instrumentation, identifies the earliest semantic divergence, and assigns advantage only to the corresponding token span while masking downstream tokens. EGCA is a drop-in modification requiring no critic, auxiliary loss, or learned verifier, yielding 82.1% pass@1 on HumanEval (+3.1 over GRPO) and 68.9% on MBPP (+1.5) with 18% wall-clock overhead.