Electrometry of extremely-low frequencies from kHz to sub-Hz with a Rydberg-atom sensor

TL;DR

This paper presents a novel Rydberg-atom sensor technique that effectively detects extremely low-frequency electric fields from 0.5 Hz to 10 kHz with high sensitivity, overcoming previous low-frequency limitations.

Contribution

The authors develop a wideband, electrode-free Rydberg-atom sensing method for low frequencies using auxiliary modulation and lock-in detection, extending the sensor's operational range.

Findings

Achieved sensitivities of 819 μV/cm/√Hz at 1 Hz

Extended Rydberg-atom sensing to sub-ELF frequencies

Demonstrated effective detection from 0.5 Hz to 10 kHz

Abstract

Rydberg-atom electric field sensing has shown great potential from near-DC to THz with state-of-the-art measurement metrics realized in sensitivity, phase extraction, multi-band receptivity, etc. While Rydberg-atom sensors have shown exceptional performance in the GHz regime, low-frequency operation has remained challenging because of electric-field-screening in conventional vapor cells, which suppresses externally applied fields. We overcome this limitation by combining auxiliary modulation and lock-in detection with a paraffin-coated vapor cell, and demonstrate an electrode-free, wideband method for sensing frequencies, ranging from 0.5 Hz to 10 kHz. Our work extends Rydberg-atom sensor range to VLF, ULF, SLF, ELF and sub-ELF frequency bands. In our method, high state-of-the-art sensitivities have been achieved - 819 $\mu$V/cm/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for 1 Hz, 33 $\mu$V/cm/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for 10 Hz, 10 $\mu$V/cm/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for 100 Hz and 2 $\mu$V/cm/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for 1 kHz.