AdaBox: Adaptive Density-Based Box Clustering with Parameter Generalization

TL;DR

AdaBox is a robust, grid-based density clustering algorithm that generalizes parameters across diverse datasets, outperforming existing methods like DBSCAN and HDBSCAN in accuracy and transferability.

Contribution

Introduces AdaBox, a novel density-based clustering method with parameter design for robustness and transferability across varying data scales and geometries.

Findings

AdaBox outperforms DBSCAN and HDBSCAN on 78% of datasets (p < 0.05).

AdaBox maintains performance when scaling datasets 30-100x.

All five architectural stages are essential for robustness.

Abstract

Density-based clustering algorithms like DBSCAN and HDBSCAN are foundational tools for discovering arbitrarily shaped clusters, yet their practical utility is undermined by acute hyperparameter sensitivity -- parameters tuned on one dataset frequently fail to transfer to others, requiring expensive re-optimization for each deployment. We introduce AdaBox (Adaptive Density-Based Box Clustering), a grid-based density clustering algorithm designed for robustness across diverse data geometries. AdaBox features a six-parameter design where parameters capture cluster structure rather than pairwise point relationships. Four parameters are inherently scale-invariant, one self-corrects for sampling bias, and one is adjusted via a density scaling stage, enabling reliable parameter transfer across 30-200x scale factors. AdaBox processes data through five stages: adaptive grid construction, liberal seed initialization, iterative growth with graduation, statistical cluster merging, and Gaussian boundary refinement. Comprehensive evaluation across 111 datasets demonstrates three key findings: (1) AdaBox significantly outperforms DBSCAN and HDBSCAN across five evaluation metrics, achieving the best score on 78\% of datasets with p < 0.05; (2) AdaBox uniquely exhibits parameter generalization. Protocol A (direct transfer to 30-100x larger datasets) shows AdaBox maintains performance while baselines collapse. (3) Ablation studies confirm the necessity of all five architectural stages for maintaining robustness.