Clustering without geometry in sparse networks with independent edges

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that sparse random graphs with independent edges can exhibit clustering and power-law degree distributions without relying on geometry or higher-order dependencies, challenging previous assumptions.

Contribution

It proves that a node aggregation invariant model with independent edges can produce realistic clustering and degree distributions, introducing a new mechanism for network modeling.

Findings

Sparse independent-edge graphs can produce finite clustering.

The model exhibits a power-law degree distribution.

Breakdown of self-averaging in network properties observed.

Abstract

The coexistence of sparsity and clustering (non-vanishing average fraction of triangles per node) is one of the few structural features that, irrespective of finer details, are ubiquitously observed across large real-world networks. This fact calls for generic models producing sparse clustered graphs. Earlier results suggested that sparse random graphs with independent edges fail to reproduce clustering, unless edge probabilities are assumed to depend on underlying metric distances that, thanks to the triangle inequality, naturally favour triadic closure. This observation has opened a debate on whether clustering implies (latent) geometry in real-world networks. Alternatively, recent models of higher-order networks can replicate clustering by abandoning edge independence. In this paper, we mathematically prove, and numerically confirm, that a sparse random graph with independent edges, recently identified in the context of network renormalization as an invariant model under node aggregation, produces finite clustering without any geometric or higher-order constraint. The underlying mechanism is an infinite-mean node fitness, which also implies a power-law degree distribution. Further, as a novel phenomenon that we characterize rigorously, we observe the breakdown of self-averaging of various network properties. Therefore, as an alternative to geometry or higher-order dependencies, node aggregation invariance emerges as a basic route to realistic network properties.