Gaia GraL X.: The GraL catalogue of gravitationally lensed quasars Matched with \textit{Gaia} data, redshifts, and time delays

TL;DR

This paper presents a comprehensive Gaia-based catalogue of 364 confirmed gravitationally lensed quasars, including astrometry, redshifts, and new time delay data, facilitating cosmological measurements and machine learning applications.

Contribution

The catalogue significantly expands the number of known lensed quasars with Gaia data, providing new time delays and models, and enabling advanced analysis for cosmology.

Findings

Increased lensed quasar count by 1.5 times to 364 objects.

Provided new time delay measurements for 73 systems.

Presented homogeneous models for 18 quadruply imaged quasars.

Abstract

Determining the Hubble constant tension requires alternative strategies, and multiply imaged quasars, with their intermediate redshifts, can potentially be used in this regard. We provide a currently complete catalogue of spectroscopically confirmed lensed quasars with ESA/{\it Gaia} astrometry and photometry, as well as redshifts and time delays when available. In addition to the improved astrometry, the catalogue increases the number of lensed quasars by a factor of 1.5 (now 364, of which 277 are doubles and 87 are quads or triples) and significantly increases the number of lensing galaxies detected (now 218), which represents a major step forward. Redshifts are provided for 347 quasars and 188 deflectors. A completely new table of time delays, required for estimates of $H_0$, is presented, with 195 time delays from 73 systems. {\it Gaia} absolute astrometry is sub-milliarcsecond and covers the entire sky. Future {\it Gaia} data releases will provide long-term photometry, which should provide many more time delays. The catalogues as presented here enable machine-learning techniques to be trained and tested and subsequently applied to the {\it Gaia} data releases. Finally, we derive simple but homogeneous models of the 18 quadruply imaged quasars for which images of all four components are presented in {\it Gaia} DR3.}