Merger-driven buildup of the $M_{\rm BH}$ - $M_*$ relation bridging high-$z$ overmassive black holes with the local relation

TL;DR

This study uses Monte Carlo simulations to show that galaxy mergers alone can explain the observed tight black hole-galaxy mass relation over cosmic time, aligning with recent JWST observations.

Contribution

It demonstrates that merger-driven evolution can reproduce the local SMBH-galaxy mass relation without invoking AGN feedback, considering high-redshift scatter and merger rates.

Findings

Merger-driven processes can account for the tight local mass relation.

High initial scatter at z~6 can be reduced to present-day levels through mergers.

Minor mergers significantly influence the evolution of the scatter.

Abstract

The origin of the mass scaling relation between supermassive black holes (SMBHs, $M_{\rm BH}$) and galaxies ($M_*$) remains a key open question. Rather than invoking AGN feedback, a non-causal mechanism has been proposed in which multiple mergers average out the $M_{\rm BH}/M_*$ ratio, thus decreasing its scatter ($\sigma$) and forming a tight local mass relation over cosmic history. A larger scatter in the relation at higher redshift suggested from a non-causal evolutionary scenario may be evident from recent JWST observations of overmassive SMBHs at high redshift. Here, we carry out a Monte Carlo simulation of solely merger-induced evolution of galaxies and their SMBHs which incorporates recent high-redshift observational constraints on $\sigma$ and the galaxy merger rate. We find that the dispersion in the local mass relation can be reproduced, even when starting from a highly scattered population at $z\sim6$ with $\sigma=0.8\,{\rm dex}$ or $1.0\,{\rm dex}$, which are in agreement with recent JWST studies. The redshift evolution of the scatter is highly sensitive to the mass ratio between merging pairs and the merger rate, and minor mergers with higher frequency than major mergers can also contribute to the scatter evolution, highlighting the importance of accurately constraining these parameters at high redshift through observations. Furthermore, statistical surveys aimed at determining the $M_*$-dependence of $\sigma$ and constraining $\sigma$ at $z\sim3-4$ will be effective in testing this scenario.