Feasibility of satellite-augmented global quantum repeater networks

TL;DR

This paper evaluates the potential of satellite-augmented quantum repeater networks for global entanglement distribution, integrating physical models with analytical frameworks to assess performance with current space tech.

Contribution

It provides the first quantitative analysis of satellite-based quantum networks considering entanglement swapping, purification, and realistic hardware constraints.

Findings

Satellite constellations in Low Earth Orbit can enable global entanglement distribution.

Quantum repeaters with Neutral Atom or NV/Silicon Vacancy qubits are promising.

Major hardware bottlenecks identified for future technological improvements.

Abstract

A large scale quantum network requires the distribution of high-fidelity end-to-end entanglement. To overcome the range limitations inherent to terrestrial fiber, a leading architecture has emerged: satellite-based sources transmitting entanglement to quantum repeaters on the ground. By bridging the gap between abstract analytical frameworks and computationally heavy numerical simulations, this paper provides the first quantitative answer to the question of such a network's achievable performance with current and near-term space technology, while accounting for entanglement swapping and purification. This is achieved by integrating a detailed physical model of a satellite-to-ground link into an analytical entanglement resource estimation framework for quantum repeaters, enabling an optimization of the end-to-end entanglement rate. Our analysis, performed across leading quantum hardware platforms, shows that Low Earth Orbit satellite constellations combined with quantum repeaters employing Neutral Atom or Nitrogen and Silicon Vacancy qubits, could enable a global quantum network, distributing entanglement over distances up to 20,000 km, sufficient for connecting any two points on Earth. This work highlights the major bottlenecks in space and quantum hardware technologies, which need to be addressed, thereby guiding informed investments necessary for enabling a large scale quantum network.