ACE Runtime - A ZKP-Native Blockchain Runtime with Sub-Second Cryptographic Finality

TL;DR

ACE Runtime introduces a ZKP-native blockchain architecture that achieves sub-second cryptographic finality by replacing per transaction signatures with lightweight attestations and aggregated zero knowledge proofs, improving efficiency and post-quantum readiness.

Contribution

The paper presents ACE Runtime, a novel blockchain system utilizing identity separation and aggregated ZKP finality, enabling faster verification and better scalability compared to traditional signature-based methods.

Findings

Low CPU overhead in prototype implementation

Constant per block verification cost projected by analysis

Improved bandwidth efficiency over signature-based designs

Abstract

Existing high performance blockchains verify one signature per transaction on the critical path, which creates O(N) verification cost, high hardware pressure, and difficult post quantum migration. This paper presents ACE Runtime, a ZKP native execution layer built on identity authorization separation. We replace per transaction signature checks with lightweight HMAC attestations in the hot path, then generate one aggregated zero knowledge finality certificate per block in an asynchronous prove stage. The system is organized as an Attest Execute Prove pipeline with two tier finality: soft finality from BFT voting and hard finality from proof verification. Under standard cryptographic assumptions, we provide formal arguments for attestation unforgeability and hard finality irreversibility. We also define a two phase timeout and backup proving path with witness availability gossip for liveness under builder failure. Quantitative results combine analytical modeling with reference implementation measurements. The prototype shows low CPU orchestration overhead, while model driven analysis projects constant per block verification cost, lower validator hardware requirements for non builders, and better bandwidth efficiency than per transaction signature designs. These results indicate that identity authorization separation is a practical architecture for sub second cryptographic finality with a clear path toward stronger post quantum components.