A Survey on Cloud-Based 6G Deployments: Current Solutions, Future Directions and Open Challenges

TL;DR

This survey reviews current cloud-based 6G deployment solutions, analyzes key challenges and trends, and benchmarks industry practices, highlighting future directions for scalable, secure, and efficient cellular networks in the cloud.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive taxonomy of cloud-based cellular deployment design space and critically analyzes key research areas and industry adoption strategies.

Findings

Cloud-native deployment architectures are increasingly adopted.

Security, scalability, and cost are primary challenges in cloud 6G.

Emerging trends include AI orchestration and quantum-safe protocols.

Abstract

The next generation of cellular networks is designed to provide ubiquitous connectivity to a wide range of devices. As Telecommunication Service Providers (TSPs) increasingly collaborate with public cloud providers to deploy 5G and beyond networks, a fundamental shift is underway, from hardware-bound Physical Network Functions (PNFs) to cloud-native, containerized deployments managed through platforms like Kubernetes. While this transition promises greater scalability, flexibility, and cost efficiency, it also introduces a complex set of technical and operational challenges that must be thoroughly understood before large-scale cellular deployments can take place in cloud environments. In this survey, we present a structured taxonomy that categorizes the design space of cloud-based cellular deployments across four dimensions: deployment architecture, resource management and orchestration, multi-tenancy and isolation, and economic and ownership models. Using this taxonomy as a foundation, we critically analyze six key investigation areas, security and privacy, scalability and elasticity, performance and latency, cost optimization, resilience and fault management, and compliance and sovereignty, examining each through a cloud-native lens. To benchmark the state of industry adoption, we examine the deployment strategies of leading Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) providers, namely Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP). Finally, we identify emerging trends such as AI-driven orchestration, quantum-safe protocols for virtualized network functions, and serverless networking for 6G, while articulating the open challenges that remain in realizing robust, scalable cloud-based cellular networks.