Going Wide and Deep with Roman: The z~6-9 UV luminosity function in a Roman Deep Field

TL;DR

This study evaluates optimal survey configurations for the Roman Space Telescope to study high-redshift galaxies at z~6-9, demonstrating how survey depth, area, and filter choices impact the accuracy of UV luminosity function measurements.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive trade study of survey parameters, recommending specific configurations and filter combinations to maximize high-redshift galaxy science with Roman.

Findings

Single Roman pointing reduces cosmic variance significantly.

Including R062 filter minimizes contamination at z~5-6.

F184 filter enhances galaxy recovery at z>9.

Abstract

We present a trade study of possible ultra-deep surveys with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, optimizing the depth-area-filter parameter space for high-redshift galaxy science. Using a mock galaxy catalog derived from a 2 sq. degree lightcone created using the Santa Cruz semi-analytic model and populated with over 7.6 million galaxies at 0<z<10 with M_UV < -15, with realistic clustering and synthetic photometry, we evaluate sixteen 500-hour survey configurations spanning 0.28-2 sq. degrees and four filter combinations. We demonstrate that even a single Roman pointing dramatically reduces cosmic variance compared to HST-like observations, more faithfully recovering the true UV luminosity function. For each survey configuration, we explore photometric redshift recovery, sample contamination, and measurements of the rest-UV luminosity function and non-ionizing UV luminosity density across four redshift bins at z~6-9. We find that inclusion of the R062 filter is essential for studies at z~5-6, reducing sample contamination from nearly 100% to negligible levels and recovering the bright end of the luminosity function. The F184 filter improves galaxy recovery at z>9 and is critical for stellar contamination removal at all redshifts. Based on these results, we recommend that a Roman ultra-deep survey cover at least two Roman pointings (0.56 sq. degrees) with all six filters (R062, Z087, Y106, J129, H158, F184), reducing uncertainties on the rest-UV luminosity density by factors of 2-4 relative to the deepest existing JWST programs. Building off of the Deep Tier of the High Latitude Time Domain Survey to add depth and filter coverage to existing (or planned) observations is an excellent option.