Comprehensive neutrino light curves and spectra: from pre-supernova evolution to early supernova phase

TL;DR

This study systematically analyzes neutrino emissions from massive stars during pre-supernova and early supernova phases, revealing correlations with stellar core properties and assessing observational detection prospects.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive analysis linking neutrino signals to progenitor properties across evolutionary stages, utilizing models and observational feasibility assessments.

Findings

Neutrino emissions correlate strongly with compactness and core mass.

Pre-supernova neutrino counts relate to progenitor structure within the final day.

Early supernova neutrino features are robust against different stellar evolution codes.

Abstract

We present the first systematic study of neutrino emissions from massive stars, continuously tracking the late evolutionary stages through the early core-collapse supernova phase. Using progenitor and supernova models, we analyze the neutrino luminosities and spectra for progenitors with initial masses of 10--40~$M_\odot$. Our systematic analysis reveals that the compactness parameter ($\xi_{2.5}$) and carbon-oxygen core mass ($M_{\text{CO}}$) exhibit strong correlations with neutrino emission. In the pre-supernova phase, the time-integrated number of neutrinos correlates with $\xi_{2.5}$ when integrated over the final day and with $M_{\text{CO}}$ for longer durations. For the early supernova phase ($<200$ ms post-bounce), the neutrino properties are relatively insensitive to the specific stellar evolution code used, allowing for a reliable extraction of physical correlations. We confirm that the neutrino emission features, including the electron neutrino burst properties and accretion-powered luminosity of other species, reflect the progenitor's compactness. An evaluation of the observational feasibility for a nearby progenitor using a False Alarm Rate approach suggests that these correlations can persist even under practical detection conditions. Such a joint analysis of both phases provides complementary constraints on the internal structure. All calculated time-series data will be made publicly available.