Turn: A Language for Agentic Computation

TL;DR

Turn is a novel programming language designed for autonomous agentic software, integrating language model inference as a core typed primitive with constructs for safety, control, and schema integration.

Contribution

It introduces five language-level constructs that embed LLM inference safety and control directly into the language, unlike prior approaches that treat them as application-level conventions.

Findings

Turn enables typed LLM inference validation.

It provides deterministic control flow based on model confidence.

The language supports schema absorption for API bindings.

Abstract

We present \textbf{Turn}, a compiled, actor-based programming language -- statically typed for schema inference, dynamically typed at the value level -- for agentic software: programs that reason and act autonomously by delegating inference to large language models (LLMs). Existing approaches augment general-purpose languages with frameworks, encoding critical invariants (bounded context, typed inference output, credential isolation, durable state) as application-level conventions rather than language guarantees. Turn introduces five language-level constructs that address this gap. \emph{Cognitive Type Safety} makes LLM inference a typed primitive: the compiler generates a JSON Schema from a struct definition and the VM validates model output before binding. The \emph{confidence operator} enables deterministic control flow gated on model certainty. Turn's \emph{actor-based process model}, derived from Erlang, gives each agent an isolated context window, persistent memory, and mailbox. A \emph{capability-based identity system} returns opaque, unforgeable handles from the VM host, ensuring raw credentials never enter agent memory. Finally, \emph{compile-time schema absorption} (\texttt{use schema::<protocol>}) synthesizes typed API bindings from external specifications at compile time; the \texttt{openapi} adapter is shipped with \texttt{graphql}, \texttt{fhir}, and \texttt{mcp} in active development. We describe the language design, type rules, schema semantics, and a Rust-based bytecode VM, and evaluate Turn against representative agentic workloads. Turn is open source at https://github.com/ekizito96/Turn.