K-DRIFT Science Theme: New Theoretical Framework Using the Galaxy Replacement Technique for LSB studies

TL;DR

This paper introduces the Galaxy Replacement Technique (GRT), a new high-resolution N-body simulation framework designed to interpret low-surface-brightness structures observed by the K-DRIFT telescope, advancing galaxy formation studies.

Contribution

The GRT provides a novel, efficient simulation method with high resolution for studying LSB features, complementing observational data from K-DRIFT.

Findings

GRT achieves high mass and spatial resolution with reduced computation time.

It effectively models LSB structures with surface brightness down to 31 mag arcsec^{-2}.

The technique enhances interpretation of deep optical imaging data.

Abstract

Low-surface-brightness (LSB) structures provide critical insights into the hierarchical formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters. The KASI Deep Rolling Imaging Fast Telescope (K-DRIFT) is designed to detect such diffuse features through deep, wide-field optical imaging with a surface brightness reaching $\sim$$30~\rm{mag}~\rm{arcsec}^{-2}$. To interpret the observation data expected from K-DRIFT, we have developed the Galaxy Replacement Technique (GRT), an $N$-body simulation framework optimized for tracing the gravitational evolution of stellar components. The GRT works by inserting high-resolution galaxy models, including a dark matter (DM) halo and stellar disk, in place of multiple low-resolution DM halos in the base $N$-body cosmological simulation. It allows us to achieve very high mass ($m_{star}=5.4\times10^4\msun\ h^{-1}$) and spatial resolution (10~$\rm{pc}~h^{-1}$) with shorter computation time compared to full hydrodynamic cosmological simulations. Therefore, this technique is particularly well-suited for studying LSB structures, with a surface brightness reaching $\sim$$31~\rm{mag}~\rm{arcsec}^{-2}$. In this paper, we present the motivation and methodology of the GRT, summarize key results from previous studies, and highlight its synergy with K-DRIFT observations. We further discuss planned science cases using the GRT, aiming to build a theoretical basis for interpreting LSB features in various environments.