Experimentally Resolving Gravity-Capillary Wave Evolution in Vessels of Unknown Boundary Conditions

TL;DR

This paper introduces Extracted Mode Tracking (EMT), a machine learning-based method that analyzes surface wave modes in fluids without prior boundary condition knowledge, enabling detailed experimental and nonlinear wave dynamics studies.

Contribution

The paper presents EMT, a novel data-analysis framework that extracts wave mode information directly from measurements, overcoming challenges posed by unknown boundary conditions in fluid surface wave experiments.

Findings

EMT is resilient to noise and outperforms existing methods.

It accurately reconstructs mode amplitudes in limited measurement domains.

Validated through synthetic data and a Faraday-wave experiment.

Abstract

The geometries of surface wave modes are determined by the highly nontrivial interplay of capillarity and wetting effects at the boundaries of their domain. Aside from idealised scenarios, this commonly leads to unknown boundary conditions, thereby hindering theoretical formulation and experimental analysis. To address this problem, we introduce Extracted Mode Tracking (EMT), a data-analysis framework to obtain instantaneous amplitude and phase content of axisymmetric surface-wave modes from spatio-temporal measurements. This approach uses unsupervised machine learning techniques to extract a basis of wave modes directly from collected data; the spatial profiles require no prior theoretical modelling, and so the issue of unknown boundary conditions is circumvented. Time-resolved mode amplitudes are reconstructed by geometric fitting at each recorded time-step, and the success is evaluated by a spectral signal-to-noise quantifier. Capabilities and limitations of EMT are systematically benchmarked on synthetic datasets, finding strong resilience against noise, improved accuracy over alternative methodologies, and the ability to operate with restricted domains which poses significant merit for use in experimental systems with limited measurement field-of-view. Finally, we conduct a Faraday-wave experiment in a regime highly sensitive to boundary effects in order to further validate the method, and demonstrate the observational access to nonlinear wave-dynamics enabled by EMT. These results establish EMT as a general tool for analysing wave mode dynamics of axially-symmetric fluid interface systems, and open pathways for quantitative studies of nonlinear mode-interactions, stability, and turbulence.