First Optical Observation of Negative Ion Drift at Surface Pressure

TL;DR

This paper reports the first optical detection of negative ion drift at surface pressure in a specific gas mixture using an optically read TPC, revealing multi-species ion transport and potential for large-scale rare event detectors.

Contribution

It demonstrates negative ion drift at surface pressure with multi-species transport in a He:CF4:SF6 mixture using optical methods, advancing TPC technology for rare event searches.

Findings

Negative ion drift observed at 900 mbar surface pressure.

Identification of a faster minority charge carrier with 25% higher velocity.

Linear scaling of drift time with distance indicating multi-species transport.

Abstract

We report the first observation of Negative Ion Drift (NID) at surface pressure of $900 \pm 7$ mbar at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in a He:CF$_4$:SF$_6$ mixture using an optically read out Time Projection Chamber (TPC) within the CYGNO/INITIUM project. We present the first PMT waveform analysis in the NID regime, interpreting the temporal light pattern through a model that combines track geometry and charge transport. The inferred drift velocities correspond to mobilities of O(cm$^2$ V$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$), consistent with negative ion transport. The observed linear scaling of the time extension mean with drift distance reveals the presence of a faster minority charge carrier population in addition to the dominant SF$_6^-$ species, drifting at a $\sim$25\% higher velocity under external inputs. These results demonstrate multi-species negative ion drift operation at surface pressure in a He:CF$_4$:SF$_6$ mixture and open a concrete path toward large scale, low diffusion optical TPCs for rare event searches.