An ode to instantons

TL;DR

This paper develops a formalism for semiclassical quantum mechanics time evolution, identifying complex saddle points to compute decay rates and wave function phases, with implications for quantum field theory.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to analyze quantum decay processes using complex saddle points in real and complex time, extending semiclassical methods.

Findings

Identifies complex saddle points that reproduce known quantum problems.

Finds finite time and energy analogs of the bounce without zero or negative modes.

Discusses the multiplicity of bounce solutions and one-loop phase contributions.

Abstract

We present a formalism for semiclassical time evolution in quantum mechanics, building on a century of work. We identify complex saddle points in real time, real saddle points in complex time, and complex saddle points in complex time that reproduce the known answers in classic problems. For the decay of a metastable state, we find finite time and finite energy analogs of the "bounce" which do not have strict zero or negative modes. The one-loop phase of the wave function and the multiplicity of bounce solutions at late times are discussed. The motivation of this work is to learn how to compute decay rates in quantum field theory in situations with non-trivial time dependence, by first taking a humble step backwards to the fascinating world of quantum mechanics.