Talk Freely, Execute Strictly: Schema-Gated Agentic AI for Flexible and Reproducible Scientific Workflows

TL;DR

This paper introduces schema-gated orchestration for AI-driven scientific workflows, balancing deterministic execution and conversational flexibility, validated through multi-model assessments and architectural analysis.

Contribution

It proposes a novel schema-gated architecture that separates conversational and execution control, enabling flexible yet reproducible scientific workflows.

Findings

Multi-model scoring effectively assesses system architecture.

No system achieves both high flexibility and high determinism.

Schema-gated architecture can decouple the trade-off between flexibility and determinism.

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) can now translate a researcher's plain-language goal into executable computation, yet scientific workflows demand determinism, provenance, and governance that are difficult to guarantee when an LLM decides what runs. Semi-structured interviews with 18 experts across 10 industrial R&D stakeholders surface 2 competing requirements--deterministic, constrained execution and conversational flexibility without workflow rigidity--together with boundary properties (human-in-the-loop control and transparency) that any resolution must satisfy. We propose schema-gated orchestration as the resolving principle: the schema becomes a mandatory execution boundary at the composed-workflow level, so that nothing runs unless the complete action--including cross-step dependencies--validates against a machine-checkable specification. We operationalize the 2 requirements as execution determinism (ED) and conversational flexibility (CF), and use these axes to review 20 systems spanning 5 architectural groups along a validation-scope spectrum. Scores are assigned via a multi-model protocol--15 independent sessions across 3 LLM families--yielding substantial-to-near-perfect inter-model agreement (Krippendorff a=0.80 for ED and a=0.98 for CF), demonstrating that multi-model LLM scoring can serve as a reusable alternative to human expert panels for architectural assessment. The resulting landscape reveals an empirical Pareto front--no reviewed system achieves both high flexibility and high determinism--but a convergence zone emerges between the generative and workflow-centric extremes. We argue that a schema-gated architecture, separating conversational from execution authority, is positioned to decouple this trade-off, and distill 3 operational principles--clarification-before-execution, constrained plan-act orchestration, and tool-to-workflow-level gating--to guide adoption.