A cationic carrier for diffuse interstellar band at 862.1 nm: Evidence from the skin effect in nearby diffuse-to-translucent clouds

TL;DR

This study investigates the spatial distribution of the 862.1 nm diffuse interstellar band across nearby molecular clouds, revealing diverse behaviors consistent with photoionization models and suggesting a cationic carrier with an ionization potential around 12.4 eV.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of the DIB at 862.1 nm across multiple clouds, linking its behavior to physical conditions and proposing a cationic carrier based on ionization potential estimates.

Findings

DIB strength declines with dust extinction, with variable slopes across clouds.

The Taurus cloud shows an initial increase in DIB strength at low extinction.

Estimated ionization potential of the DIB carrier is approximately 12.4 eV.

Abstract

The tendency of some diffuse interstellar band (DIB) carriers to concentrate in the outer, UV-illuminated layers of molecular clouds (MCs)--the ``skin effect''--makes their spatial distribution a powerful probe of their physical nature. We leverage Gaia DR3 measurements of the DIB at 862.1 nm to investigate its behavior across 12 nearby MCs, spanning diffuse to translucent regimes ($A_{\rm V}\,{\sim}\,0.2{-}3.5$ mag). We find significant diversity in the DIB behavior, both between different clouds and within individual clouds from their outer to inner regions. To quantify these trends, we employed a piecewise linear model (PLM) to fit the average slope ($\alpha$) between the normalized DIB strength, ${\rm log_{10}}(W_{8621}/A_{\rm V})$, and dust extinction, ${\rm log_{10}}(A_{\rm V})$. In general, ${\rm log_{10}}(W_{8621}/A_{\rm V})$ declines with ${\rm log_{10}}(A_{\rm V})$ with $\alpha$ between 0 and --1, becoming progressively steeper at higher $A_{\rm V}$. These observed slopes and their variations are consistent with the photoionization equilibrium models, where the carrier abundance is governed by local conditions, particularly the UV radiation field and cloud structure (e.g., density profiles, clumpiness). Particularly, the Taurus cloud region uniquely displays an initial increase in ${\rm log_{10}}(W_{8621}/A_{\rm V})$ at low extinction, a signature predicted for a cationic carrier. By fitting the slope of this rising trend, we estimate an ionization potential of $E_{\rm IP}\,{=}\,12.40^{+1.90}_{-2.29}$ eV for the DIB$\lambda$8621 carrier, which aligns well with the secondary ionization energies of large carbonaceous molecules like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or fullerenes.