Advantage of flexible catalysis for entanglement and quantum thermodynamics

TL;DR

This paper explores how flexible catalysis, where catalysts evolve through cycles, enhances the ability to perform quantum state transformations in entanglement and thermodynamics beyond standard catalysis.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of flexible catalysis, analyzes its advantages in quantum resource theories, and demonstrates its superiority over standard catalysis in specific scenarios.

Findings

Flexible catalysis improves success probabilities in entanglement transformations.

Flexible catalysis enables certain state transformations impossible with standard catalysts.

Flexible catalysis outperforms standard catalysis even in deterministic quantum thermodynamic processes.

Abstract

Understanding the fundamental limits of state convertibility is crucial for establishing the boundaries of quantum information processing and thermodynamic efficiency. While auxiliary systems, catalysts, can facilitate otherwise impossible transformations, standard catalysis rigidly requires the auxiliary system to return to its exact initial state. In this work, we investigate the power of flexible catalysis, where the catalyst evolves through a cycle of states, restoring its initial configuration only after a finite number of steps. Focusing on the regime of fixed, finite dimensions, we analyze the capabilities of flexible catalysis within the resource theories of entanglement and quantum thermodynamics. In the context of entanglement, we derive conditions limiting flexible catalysts and demonstrate that they offer a strict advantage in the success probability of stochastic local operations and classical communication. Conversely, in quantum thermodynamics, we prove that flexible catalysis strictly outperforms standard catalysis even in deterministic settings. We provide an example identifying state transformations that are impossible with any standard catalyst of fixed dimension and Hamiltonian but become achievable via a flexible cycle.