The Trilingual Triad Framework: Integrating Design, AI, and Domain Knowledge in No-code AI Smart City Course

TL;DR

This paper presents the Trilingual Triad framework, demonstrating how integrating design, AI, and domain knowledge enhances students' ability to collaboratively create AI systems in a no-code smart city course, fostering AI literacy and learner agency.

Contribution

The paper introduces the Trilingual Triad framework, a novel model for understanding and facilitating human-AI collaboration through integrated design, AI, and domain knowledge in education.

Findings

Effective collaboration occurs when design, AI, and domain knowledge are orchestrated.

Building AI systems as a constructionist process enhances AI literacy.

Students develop domain-specific GPTs without coding, improving metacognition.

Abstract

This paper introduces the "Trilingual Triad" framework, a model that explains how students learn to design with generative artificial intelligence (AI) through the integration of Design, AI, and Domain Knowledge. As generative AI rapidly enters higher education, students often engage with these systems as passive users of generated outputs rather than active creators of AI-enabled knowledge tools. This study investigates how students can transition from using AI as a tool to designing AI as a collaborative teammate. The research examines a graduate course, Creating the Frontier of No-code Smart Cities at the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), in which students developed domain-specific custom GPT systems without coding. Using a qualitative multi-case study approach, three projects - the Interview Companion GPT, the Urban Observer GPT, and Buddy Buddy - were analyzed across three dimensions: design, AI architecture, and domain expertise. The findings show that effective human-AI collaboration emerges when these three "languages" are orchestrated together: domain knowledge structures the AI's logic, design mediates human-AI interaction, and AI extends learners' cognitive capacity. The Trilingual Triad framework highlights how building AI systems can serve as a constructionist learning process that strengthens AI literacy, metacognition, and learner agency.