Fluctuation-induced quadrupole order in magneto-electric materials

TL;DR

This paper introduces a universal, fluctuation-driven approach to understanding quadrupolar order in magneto-electric materials, emphasizing composite order emerging from a parent phase and its experimental implications.

Contribution

It proposes a novel theoretical framework based on composite order and fluctuations, moving beyond competing order models for multipolar phases.

Findings

Derived analytical expression for quadrupolar transition temperature

Explained coupling of quadrupolar order to mechanical strain

Validated approach with experimental observations

Abstract

Phases that go beyond dipolar ordering and into multipolar ordering have recently been observed in magneto-electric materials. The resulting phase diagram is commonly explained using the concept of competing orders and exact microscopic interactions. In contrast, we propose an approach based on composite order emerging from a parent phase to explain quadrupoling above magnetic or electric dipolar orders. We include thermal fluctuations and symmetry and show their influence on the emergence of quadrupolar order. We find an analytical expression for the quadrupolar transition temperature, the critical anisotropy and explain the coupling of the quadrupolar order to mechanical strain, in agreement with experiments. The shift in perspective on quadrupolar ordering from competing to composite order is universal and can be extended to other types of multipolar ordering. This offers the possibility of understanding tunability and material-specific predictions of the related phase transitions without explicit knowledge of the microscopic mechanisms.