Fundamental linewidth limit of electromagnetically induced transparency in a thermal Rydberg ladder

TL;DR

This paper derives and experimentally confirms a fundamental linewidth limit for electromagnetically induced transparency in thermal Rydberg gases, achieving the most precise two-photon energy resolution to date.

Contribution

The authors provide an analytic expression for the Doppler residual lineshape and experimentally verify it, setting a new narrow linewidth benchmark in thermal vapor EIT spectroscopy.

Findings

Linewidth limit of 1.84 MHz for Rb EIT in thermal vapor

Experimental linewidth of 2.04 MHz close to the theoretical limit

Achieved the most precise two-photon Rydberg energy resolution in thermal vapor

Abstract

Spectroscopy of Rydberg states has become a popular platform for quantum sensing, with the most common readout scheme being two-photon electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using counter-propagating laser beams. In this scheme, the energy resolution of the Rydberg state is set by the spectral linewidth of the EIT feature. While selection criteria for the two-photon resonance can narrow the linewidth to the order of the Rydberg state decay rate for a single atom, the Doppler shift from thermal velocity of the atoms broadens the ensemble linewidth to the order of the decay rate of the intermediate state. Here, we derive an analytic expression for the Doppler residual lineshape in the low-power limit and corroborate the results with experiment. For Rb, we find the full-width at half-maximum linewidth limit to be 1.84 MHz when scanning the coupling laser and measure an experimental linewidth of 2.04 MHz. These linewidths are around a factor of two narrower than previous theoretical estimates as well as previously reported measured linewidths. With this, we demonstrate the most precise two-photon energy resolution of a Rydberg state in thermal vapor to date. We then map out broadening mechanisms near this limit.