Remote Plasma Polymers of Iron (II) Phthalocyanine in Polyacrylonitrile-Derived Carbon Electrospun Fibers as Electrode for Supercapacitors

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel remote plasma-assisted vapour deposition method to incorporate iron(II) phthalocyanine into carbon nanofibers, significantly enhancing supercapacitor electrode performance through controlled plasma polymerisation.

Contribution

It presents a scalable, solvent-free, room-temperature plasma process for integrating FePc into carbon fibers, improving capacitance and durability of supercapacitor electrodes.

Findings

Capacitance increased nearly tenfold with plasma processing.

Electrode achieved 80.9 F/g at 0.25 A/g and retained 86.5% capacity after 6000 cycles.

Process allows precise control over molecular integration and defect density.

Abstract

Remote plasma-assisted vapour deposition under nitrogen (RPAVD-N2) is introduced as a single-step, solvent-free, room-temperature strategy to integrate iron(II) phthalocyanine (FePc) into carbon nanofiber (CNF) scaffolds for high-performance pseudocapacitive electrodes. In this process, CNFs are activated by low-energy N2 remote plasma and subsequently exposed to sublimated FePc, which undergoes controlled plasma polymerisation to form conformal, nitrogen-rich FePc-derived coatings while preserving Fe-N coordination. By tuning the plasma power, the degree of crosslinking, defect generation and molecular fragmentation is precisely controlled. Structural and spectroscopic analyses reveal progressive incorporation of amine, nitrile and oxygenated functionalities while maintaining the Fe-N coordination environment, with 30 W power providing the optimal balance between structural integrity and defect density. Plasma processing enhances the capacitance by nearly one order of magnitude compared to sublimated FePc films, underscoring the critical role of plasma-induced molecular integration. The FePc30W@CNFs electrode delivers 80.9 F/g at 0.25 A/g (areal capacitance 0.92 mF/cm2 at 2.9 mA/cm2), achieves 7.42 Wh/kg at 225 W/kg, and retains 86.5% of its initial capacitance after 6000 cycles. These results demonstrate that remote plasma polymerisation enables robust, high-rate and durable phthalocyanine-based electrodes, establishing RPAVD as a scalable platform for next-generation energy-storage materials.