Fingerprint Recognition of Partial Discharge Signals in Deep Learning Enhanced Rydberg Atomic Sensors

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel method combining Rydberg atomic sensors and deep learning to accurately recognize partial discharge signals in high-voltage equipment, even under attenuation and noise conditions.

Contribution

It presents a new approach that uses Rydberg sensors for broadband signal capture and deep learning for automatic recognition, improving detection robustness over traditional methods.

Findings

Achieved 94% recognition accuracy across four discharge types.

Demonstrated robustness to signal attenuation and noise.

Validated early-warning predictive capability.

Abstract

Partial discharge originates from microscopic insulation imperfections in high-voltage apparatus and is widely considered a critical marker of incipient deterioration. Conventional partial discharge detection methods are typically constrained by limited bandwidth and often rely on predefined feature extraction, which impedes reliable recognition of broadband transient signals. In this work, we employ a Rydberg atomic sensor to directly capture time-domain responses of partial discharge emissions and construct distinctive spectral fingerprints for different types. A 1D ResNet deep learning model is then applied to recognize these fingerprints from time-domain signals without manual feature engineering. Under increased source-antenna distances, where spectral features are significantly attenuated, the model attains a recognition accuracy of approximately 94\% across four partial discharge categories, demonstrating robustness to attenuation and noise. We further validate the approach in a simulated early-warning scenario, where partial discharge signals mixed with noise are analyzed and the model successfully generates predictive alarms. These results underscore the potential of integrating Rydberg-based broadband sensing with data-driven analysis for non-invasive, high-sensitivity diagnostics of electrical insulation systems.