A data-driven estimate of the protosolar helium mass fraction

TL;DR

This paper refines the estimate of the protosolar helium mass fraction by incorporating macroscopic mixing effects and recent measurements, resulting in a slightly lower and more precise value crucial for solar and planetary models.

Contribution

It introduces a data-driven method that accounts for macroscopic mixing and recent observational data to update the protosolar helium abundance.

Findings

Revised primordial helium mass fraction is approximately 0.27575.

Macroscopic mixing significantly influences helium abundance estimates.

Uncertainty is mainly due to surface helium abundance inferred from helioseismology.

Abstract

The protosolar helium mass-fraction is a key ingredient of solar, planetary models and enrichment laws. However, the assumed values often rely on simplified descriptions of the transport of chemicals in solar models. They are also based on the inferred helium mass fraction in the solar convective envelope, which is itself sensitive to uncertainties in the solar equation of state. We update the reference protosolar helium abundance by including the effects of macroscopic mixing at the base of the convective zone and more recent determinations of the helium mass fraction in the convective envelope. We combine results from our inversions to spectroscopic abundances, as well as literature values to provide a robust interval of the current helium mass fraction in the convective zone. We combine this measurement to models including light element depletion to provide an udpated protosolar helium abundance. We show that macroscopic mixing at the base of the envelope is key to infer protosolar helium. We find a revised interval of primordial helium mass fraction of 0.27575 +- 0.00315 slightly lower than previous estimates when combining our latest estimate of surface helium mass fraction and spectroscopic abundances. We find that the effects of macroscopic mixing are partially compensated by an increase in the inferred solar helium mass fraction in recent studies. We also derive more precise estimates based on various reference works in the litterature. Using the usual surface helium mass fraction, the primordial helium mass fraction drops to 0.2669 +- 0.00415 due to the inclusion of macroscopic mixing. The dominant source of uncertainty is found the surface helium abundance inferred from helioseismic constraints and more specifically, the impact on the equation of state of the solar material on this inference result.