Planet-forming disks and their environment across regions and time from the full NIR census

TL;DR

This study compiles the largest near-infrared imaging census of planet-forming disks across different regions and ages, revealing how environment influences disk evolution and planet formation processes.

Contribution

It provides the most extensive IR disk image dataset to date, analyzing environmental impacts on disk morphology, brightness, and longevity across multiple star-forming regions.

Findings

Disks in Lupus are bright, in Chamaeleon are faint.

IR brightness increases abruptly between 2 and 5 Myr.

Ambient material correlates with stellar variability and disk features.

Abstract

The evolution of planet-forming disks and the processes of planet formation influence each other, and both of them are possibly impacted by the local environment. Extensive high-resolution imagery of disks across space and time is the best tool for determining their evolution. We compiled a comprehensive list of disk-bearing young stars with near-IR high-contrast images available. The sample sums up to 268 sources, including 51 targets with no prior publications, which makes this study the largest of its kind and the most extensive release of IR disk images to date. Our census reveals very diverse disk and ambient morphologies. Disks in Lupus are bright, in Chamaeleon are faint, in Corona Australis and Taurus are frequently surrounded by ambient emission. Disks experience an abrupt increase in IR brightness between 2 Myr and 5 Myr. The earliest IR disk cavities around single stars arise after 2-3 Myr explaining why are young disks faint in the near-IR, and determining which disks can live longer. Well-known, high-longevity disks (>8 Myr) are always bright. Ambient material is detected in more than 20% of young sources but the fraction drops with time. We find a clear correspondence for the presence of ambient material with the stellar variability, near-IR excess, and mass accretion rate as well as, in turn, with spirals and shadows in disks. Half of the disks with ambient material show spirals while none of them show rings. We therefore propose that the spirals and the disk warps responsible for shadows are generally induced by late infall from the medium, and that this also affects the stellar accretion. The emerging picture proves the fundamental role of the environment for the disk evolution and planet formation.