Generative Pseudo-Labeling for Pre-Ranking with LLMs

TL;DR

This paper introduces Generative Pseudo-Labeling (GPL), a novel approach using large language models to generate unbiased pseudo-labels for unexposed items, improving pre-ranking in recommendation systems by reducing bias and enhancing diversity.

Contribution

GPL leverages LLMs to produce content-aware pseudo-labels, aligning training with online serving, and improves recommendation quality without online latency overhead.

Findings

Increases click-through rate by 3.07% in production

Enhances recommendation diversity and long-tail discovery

Reduces sample selection bias in pre-ranking models

Abstract

Pre-ranking is a critical stage in industrial recommendation systems, tasked with efficiently scoring thousands of recalled items for downstream ranking. A key challenge is the train-serving discrepancy: pre-ranking models are trained only on exposed interactions, yet must score all recalled candidates -- including unexposed items -- during online serving. This mismatch not only induces severe sample selection bias but also degrades generalization, especially for long-tail content. Existing debiasing approaches typically rely on heuristics (e.g., negative sampling) or distillation from biased rankers, which either mislabel plausible unexposed items as negatives or propagate exposure bias into pseudo-labels. In this work, we propose Generative Pseudo-Labeling (GPL), a framework that leverages large language models (LLMs) to generate unbiased, content-aware pseudo-labels for unexposed items, explicitly aligning the training distribution with the online serving space. By offline generating user-specific interest anchors and matching them with candidates in a frozen semantic space, GPL provides high-quality supervision without adding online latency. Deployed in a large-scale production system, GPL improves click-through rate by 3.07%, while significantly enhancing recommendation diversity and long-tail item discovery.