PromptCD: Test-Time Behavior Enhancement via Polarity-Prompt Contrastive Decoding

TL;DR

PromptCD is a test-time method that uses contrastive decoding with positive and negative prompts to enhance language and vision-language models' behaviors without additional training, improving alignment and visual grounding.

Contribution

It introduces a general, training-free contrastive decoding approach for behavior enhancement applicable to both LLMs and VLMs across multiple objectives.

Findings

Significant improvements in helpfulness, honesty, and harmlessness for LLMs.

Enhanced visual grounding and VQA performance in VLMs.

PromptCD is simple, versatile, and cost-efficient.

Abstract

Reliable AI systems require large language models (LLMs) to exhibit behaviors aligned with human preferences and values. However, most existing alignment approaches operate at training time and rely on additional high-quality data, incurring significant computational and annotation costs. While recent work has shown that contrastive decoding can leverage a model's internal distributions to improve specific capabilities, its applicability remains limited to narrow behavioral scopes and scenarios. In this work, we introduce Polarity-Prompt Contrastive Decoding (PromptCD), a test-time behavior control method that generalizes contrastive decoding to broader enhancement settings. PromptCD constructs paired positive and negative guiding prompts for a target behavior and contrasts model responses-specifically token-level probability distributions in LLMs and visual attention patterns in VLMs-to reinforce desirable outcomes. This formulation extends contrastive decoding to a wide range of enhancement objectives and is applicable to both LLMs and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) without additional training. For LLMs, experiments on the "3H" alignment objectives (helpfulness, honesty, and harmlessness) demonstrate consistent and substantial improvements, indicating that post-trained models can achieve meaningful self-enhancement purely at test time. For VLMs, we further analyze contrastive effects on visual attention, showing that PromptCD significantly improves VQA performance by reinforcing behavior-consistent visual grounding. Collectively, these results highlight PromptCD as a simple, general, and cost-efficient strategy for reliable behavior control across modalities.