Exponential Lower Bounds for 2-query Relaxed Locally Decodable Codes

TL;DR

This paper proves the first exponential lower bound on the length of 2-query relaxed locally decodable codes over the binary alphabet, revealing a phase transition in codeword length for constant-query complexity codes.

Contribution

It establishes the first exponential lower bound for 2-query RLDCs in the Hamming-error setting, answering an open question and highlighting a phase transition in code length behavior.

Findings

Proves exponential lower bounds for 2-query RLDCs over binary alphabet.

Shows a phase transition in codeword length for constant-query RLDCs.

Connects RLDCs to standard LDCs through a transformation and analysis.

Abstract

Locally Decodable Codes (LDCs) are error-correcting codes $C\colon\Sigma^n\rightarrow \Sigma^m,$ encoding \emph{messages} in $\Sigma^n$ to \emph{codewords} in $\Sigma^m$, with super-fast decoding algorithms. They are important mathematical objects in many areas of theoretical computer science, yet the best constructions so far have codeword length $m$ that is super-polynomial in $n$, for codes with constant query complexity and constant alphabet size. In a very surprising result, Ben-Sasson, Goldreich, Harsha, Sudan, and Vadhan (SICOMP 2006) show how to construct a relaxed version of LDCs (RLDCs) with constant query complexity and almost linear codeword length over the binary alphabet, and used them to obtain significantly-improved constructions of Probabilistically Checkable Proofs. In this work, we study RLDCs in the standard Hamming-error setting. We prove an exponential lower bound on the length of Hamming RLDCs making $2$ queries (even adaptively) over the binary alphabet. This answers a question explicitly raised by Gur and Lachish (SICOMP 2021) and is the first exponential lower bound for RLDCs. Combined with the results of Ben-Sasson et al., our result exhibits a ``phase-transition''-type behavior on the codeword length for some constant-query complexity. We achieve these lower bounds via a transformation of RLDCs to standard Hamming LDCs, using a careful analysis of restrictions of message bits that fix codeword bits.