High-Altitude Platforms in the Low-Altitude Economy: Bridging Communication, Computing, and Regulation

TL;DR

High-Altitude Platforms (HAPs) at around 20 km altitude can provide reliable connectivity, computation, and regulation support for the emerging Low-Altitude Economy (LAE), enabling safe UAV operations and integrated airspace management.

Contribution

This paper introduces a comprehensive five-stage roadmap for HAPs in the LAE, highlighting their evolving roles from infrastructure to autonomous air traffic management.

Findings

HAPs offer millisecond-level connectivity and onboard computing.

HAPs enable enhanced navigation integrity and airspace safety.

A three-tier architecture integrates HAPs with satellites and cloud systems.

Abstract

The Low-Altitude Economy (LAE) is rapidly emerging as a new technological and industrial frontier, with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, and aerial swarms increasingly deployed in logistics, infrastructure inspection, security, and emergency response. However, the large-scale development of the LAE demands a reliable aerial foundation that ensures not only real-time connectivity and computational support, but also navigation integrity and safe airspace management for safety-critical operations. High-Altitude Platforms (HAPs), positioned at around 20 km, provide a unique balance between wide-area coverage and low-latency responsiveness. Compared with low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, HAPs are closer to end users and thus capable of delivering millisecond-level connectivity, fine-grained regulatory oversight, and powerful onboard computing and caching resources. Beyond connectivity and computation, HAPs-assisted sensing and regulation further enable navigation integrity and airspace trust, which are essential for safety-critical UAV and eVTOL operations in the LAE. This article proposes a five-stage evolutionary roadmap for HAPs in the LAE: from serving as aerial infrastructure bases, to becoming super back-ends for UAV, to acting as frontline support for ground users, further enabling swarm-scale UAV coordination, and ultimately advancing toward edge-air-cloud closed-loop autonomy. In parallel, HAPs complement LEO satellites and cloud infrastructures to form a global-regional-local three-tier architecture. Looking forward, HAPs are expected to evolve from simple platforms into intelligent hubs, emerging as pivotal nodes for air traffic management, intelligent logistics, and emergency response. By doing so, they will accelerate the transition of the LAE toward large-scale deployment, autonomy, and sustainable growth.