Nanoscopy of surface polarization with oblique dipole orientations

TL;DR

This paper develops a comprehensive electromagnetic framework for analyzing surface dipoles with oblique orientations, applicable to various 2D and thin film materials, revealing polaritonic resonances and signatures of dipole orientation.

Contribution

It introduces a unified formalism for describing oblique surface dipoles, extending beyond traditional in-plane and out-of-plane models, applicable to diverse thin material systems.

Findings

Revealed pairs of polaritonic resonances from dipole components.

Identified signatures of dipole orientation detectable by near-field probes.

Unified description applicable to various 2D and thin film materials.

Abstract

We present a general electromagnetic description for dipoles confined to surfaces with oblique dipole moment orientations, extending the conventional in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OOP) treatments. This description is useful for describing localized polarization in, \textit{e.g.}, van der Waals heterostructures, thin films of molecular aggregates, and metal-dielectric interfaces. The theory is suitable for any material with vanishingly thin thickness relative to the light wavelength, independent of the geometry of the material and the media interfacing it. We apply the formalism to a uniaxial excitonic sheet, covering a large number of two-dimensional (2D) materials and organic thin films. Our theory reveals pairs of polaritonic resonances originating from the IP and OOP components of the excitonic dipole moment. The formalism suggests experimentally accessible signatures of dipole moment orientation, enhanced by near-field probes. This work proposes a unified language for the description of 2D materials, thin films and interfaces with anisotropic dipolar responses.