The Stark effect in molecular Rydberg states: Calculation of Rydberg-Stark manifolds of H$_2$ and D$_2$ including fine and hyperfine structures

TL;DR

This paper develops a comprehensive theoretical framework to calculate the fine and hyperfine structures of high-n molecular Rydberg states in electric fields, incorporating quantum-defect theory, matrix diagonalization, and angular-momentum transformations.

Contribution

It introduces a combined approach using multichannel quantum-defect theory, polarization models, and angular transformations to predict Stark spectra including hyperfine effects in molecules.

Findings

Hyperfine interaction causes minimal Stark effect modification but splits states by hyperfine Fermi-contact splitting.

Molecular rotation induces Stark-state specific splittings different from spin-rotation splitting.

Calculated spectra of D$_2$ and H$_2$ reveal the influence of nuclear spins and rotation on Stark structures.

Abstract

We present a general theoretical treatment and calculations of the fine and hyperfine structures in the spectra of high-$n$ molecular Rydberg states in static uniform electric fields. The treatment combines (i) multichannel quantum-defect theory and long-range polarization models to determine the field-free energies of $n\ell$ Rydberg states of the molecules ($\ell$ is the orbital-angular-momentum quantum number of the Rydberg electron), (ii) a matrix-diagonalization approach to calculate the Stark shifts including their hyperfine structure, and (iii) sequences of angular-momentum frame transformations to predict the line positions and intensities in Stark spectra as they would be observed in single or multiphoton excitation sequences. To clarify how the molecular rotation and the nuclear spins influence the fine and hyperfine structure of molecular Rydberg-Stark spectra, we compare calculated spectra of ortho-D$_2$ with a D$_2^+$ ion core in the rotational ground state ($N^+=0$) for total nuclear spins $I$ of 0 (i.e., without hyperfine structure) and 2 (i.e., with hyperfine structure) with the corresponding spectra of para-H$_2$ with an H$_2^+$ ion core in the first excited rotational state ($N^+=2$) but zero nuclear spin ($I=0$). The calculations show that the hyperfine interaction alone does not significantly modify the Stark effect, but splits each Stark state by almost exactly the hyperfine Fermi-contact splitting of the ion core. In contrast, the effect of the molecular rotation, which is coupled both to the ion-core electron spin by the magnetic spin-rotation interaction and to the Rydberg-electron orbital motion by the core-polarization and charge-quadrupole interactions, induces Stark-state specific splittings that significantly differ from the spin-rotation splitting of the ($N^+=2$) ion core.