Toward Precision Helicity PDFs from Global DIS and SIDIS Fits with Projected EIC Measurements

TL;DR

This paper presents a new global analysis of proton helicity PDFs incorporating future EIC pseudodata, significantly enhancing the precision of sea-quark and gluon polarization measurements at small x.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive NLO QCD analysis of helicity PDFs using both existing data and simulated EIC measurements, improving flavor separation and uncertainty reduction.

Findings

EIC pseudodata greatly improve small-x polarized PDF precision

Sea-quark and gluon polarizations are better constrained

Polarized PDFs are provided in LHAPDF format

Abstract

We present a new global determination of the helicity-dependent parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton, based on inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) and semi-inclusive DIS (SIDIS) data within a consistent next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD framework. In addition to existing measurements, we incorporate simulated pseudodata for the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), considering two beam-energy configurations, $E_e \times E_p = 5 \times 41~\mathrm{GeV^2}$ and $18 \times 275~\mathrm{GeV^2}$, corresponding to an extended kinematic reach down to $x \sim 10^{-5}$. We focus on longitudinal double-spin asymmetries $A_1^h$ for charge-separated pion and kaon production in SIDIS off a longitudinally polarized proton target. These projected measurements significantly improve the flavor separation of sea-quark polarized PDFs ($\Delta \bar{u}$, $\Delta \bar{d}$, $\Delta s$) and reduce the uncertainties on both quark and gluon helicity distributions, with the largest impact at small $x$. Polarized PDFs are extracted using a neural-network parametrization and a Monte Carlo replica methodology to propagate experimental uncertainties, while theoretical constraints such as positivity are imposed during the fit. We demonstrate that the inclusion of EIC pseudodata leads to a substantially more precise determination of polarized PDFs, with the largest impact in the small-$x$ region. The resulting polarized PDF sets are provided in the {\tt LHAPDF} format.