Scaling solutions in three-form cosmology

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new three-form dark energy model that achieves stable scaling solutions and naturally transitions to late-time acceleration, advancing understanding of three-form cosmology.

Contribution

It develops a hybrid three-form model with dual scalar functions, demonstrating the first stable scaling attractor in three-form dark energy theories.

Findings

Identifies a stable scaling attractor where three-form energy density tracks background fluid

Provides a dynamical mechanism for transition to late-time acceleration

First realization of scaling behavior in three-form dark energy models

Abstract

A hybrid three-form model of dark energy is developed in order to identify scaling solutions, a long-sought feature in three-form cosmology. Exploiting Hodge dualities, the theory is formulated in terms of two scalar functions that are associated with the conjugate momentum, and the three-form dual vector in an isotropic background. The resulting Lagrangian yields a stable scaling attractor where the three-form energy density tracks the dominant background fluid. A dynamical mechanism is also identified that naturally drives the system out of this regime toward a late-time accelerated phase distinguishable from a cosmological constant. This constitutes the first realization of scaling behavior within a three-form dark energy framework.