GRACE: an Agentic AI for Particle Physics Experiment Design and Simulation

TL;DR

GRACE is an autonomous agent that designs and optimizes particle physics experiments by generating simulations, exploring modifications, and evaluating outcomes to improve physics performance within practical constraints.

Contribution

This work introduces GRACE, a novel agentic system for autonomous experimental design in high-energy physics, integrating natural language understanding, simulation, and optimization under physical constraints.

Findings

Successfully identified optimization directions in historical setups.

Proposed improvements from natural language prompts and research papers.

Established a new benchmark for autonomous scientific reasoning in complex experiments.

Abstract

We present GRACE, a simulation-native agent for autonomous experimental design in high-energy and nuclear physics. Given multimodal input in the form of a natural-language prompt or a published experimental paper, the agent extracts a structured representation of the experiment, constructs a runnable toy simulation, and autonomously explores design modifications using first-principles Monte Carlo methods. Unlike agentic systems focused on operational control or execution of predefined procedures, GRACE addresses the upstream problem of experimental design: proposing non-obvious modifications to detector geometry, materials, and configurations that improve physics performance under physical and practical constraints. The agent evaluates candidate designs through repeated simulation, physics-motivated utility functions, and budget-aware escalation from fast parametric models to full Geant4 simulations, while maintaining strict reproducibility and provenance tracking. We demonstrate the framework on historical experimental setups, showing that the agent can identify optimization directions that align with known upgrade priorities, using only baseline simulation inputs. We also conducted a benchmark in which the agent identified the setup and proposed improvements from a suite of natural language prompts, with some supplied with a relevant physics research paper, of varying high energy physics (HEP) problem settings. This work establishes experimental design as a constrained search problem under physical law and introduces a new benchmark for autonomous, simulation-driven scientific reasoning in complex instruments.