High-Field NMR Characterization and Indirect $J$-Spectroscopy of a Nuclear Spin Chain [U-$^{13}$C,$^{15}$N]-butyronitrile

TL;DR

This study combines high-field and ultralow-field NMR techniques to fully characterize a nuclear spin chain in [U-$^{13}$C,$^{15}$N]-butyronitrile, enabling detailed analysis of spin interactions for quantum information applications.

Contribution

It introduces a method to determine and validate the complete spin-spin coupling network of a nuclear spin chain using combined high- and ultralow-field NMR, providing a new benchmark system.

Findings

All relevant J-couplings in the 12-spin network were extracted.

Ultralow-field evolution spectra match simulations based on the coupling matrix.

2D experiments successfully correlated chemical shifts with spin interactions.

Abstract

One-dimensional chains of coupled spins are minimal models of strongly correlated quantum matter, and have been proposed as wires for transporting quantum information. In liquids, rapid molecular tumbling averages anisotropic dipolar couplings and leaves effective isotropic scalar $J$-coupling Hamiltonians. At zero- to ultralow-field (ZULF) conditions, differences in frequency between nuclear spins of different types are quenched and the internal Hamiltonians can be closely approximated by an isotropic Heisenberg model. In this work, we present [U-$^{13}$C,$^{15}$N]-butyronitrile as a chemically engineered nuclear spin chain whose full spin-spin coupling network can be determined and validated by combining high-field NMR detection with evolution at ultralow fields. Starting from high-field (16.4 T) NMR spectra of $^1$H, $^{13}$C, and $^{15}$N nuclei, we extract all relevant $J$-couplings within a 12-spin network (four $^{13}$C, one $^{15}$N, and seven $^1$H). We then employ a mechanical field-cycling apparatus to prepolarize the spins at high field, shuttle them into a magnetically shielded region for evolution at <50 nT, and detect signals after returning to high field. Fourier analysis of the ultralow-field evolution yields indirect $J$-spectra that are conceptually analogous to ZULF NMR spectra but measured by a high-field NMR spectrometer. We observe clear spectral features at $J$, 1.5$J$, and 2$J$, in good agreement with simulations using the extracted coupling matrix. Finally, we demonstrate 2D experiments that correlate high-field chemical shifts and, thus, fully map interactions within the molecular spin chain. Our results establish [U-$^{13}$C,$^{15}$N]-butyronitrile as an extremely well-characterized spin chain model system and provide a quantitative Hamiltonian benchmark for future hyperpolarization and quantum-control studies.