Multi-physics Preconditioning for Thermally Activated Batteries

TL;DR

This paper introduces scalable preconditioning strategies for multiphysics thermal battery simulations, significantly improving computational efficiency and enabling high-resolution 3D modeling of thermally activated batteries.

Contribution

It presents a hierarchical block Gauss-Seidel preconditioner with scalable subblock solvers, enhancing convergence and parallel scalability for coupled electrochemical systems.

Findings

Handled problem sizes up to 51.3 million degrees of freedom

Achieved near sub-second setup and solve times

Demonstrated strong and weak scaling on 2048 processors

Abstract

Thermal batteries, also known as molten-salt batteries, are single-use reserve power systems activated by pyrotechnic heat generation, which transitions the solid electrolyte into a molten state. The simulation of these batteries relies on multiphysics modeling to evaluate performance and behavior under various conditions. This paper presents advancements in scalable preconditioning strategies for the Thermally Activated Battery Simulator (TABS) tool, enabling efficient solutions to the coupled electrochemical systems that dominate computational costs in thermal battery simulations. We propose a hierarchical block Gauss-Seidel preconditioner implemented through the Teko package in Trilinos, which effectively addresses the challenges posed by tightly coupled physics, including charge transport, porous flow, and species diffusion. The preconditioner leverages scalable subblock solvers, including smoothed aggregation algebraic multigrid (SA-AMG) methods and domain-decomposition techniques, to achieve robust convergence and parallel scalability. Strong and weak scaling studies demonstrate the solver's ability to handle problem sizes up to 51.3 million degrees of freedom on 2048 processors, achieving near sub-second setup and solve times for the end-to-end electrochemical solve. These advancements significantly improve the computational efficiency and turnaround time of thermal battery simulations, paving the way for higher-resolution models and enabling the transition from 2D axisymmetric to full 3D simulations.