Reionization Bubbles from Real-Space Cross Correlations of Line Intensity Maps

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel real-space cross-correlation method between 21-cm and line-intensity maps to reconstruct the size distribution of ionized bubbles during the Epoch of Reionization, providing new insights into early universe structure formation.

Contribution

It demonstrates that real-space cross-correlation functions can effectively trace the evolution and size distribution of reionization bubbles, a novel approach compared to traditional Fourier-space analyses.

Findings

Cross-correlation $\xi_{21, u}$ departs from saturation at bubble formation scales.

$\xi_{21, u}$ transitions from positive to negative as reionization progresses.

Results are robust across different astrophysical models and reionization scenarios.

Abstract

We propose a new way to reconstruct the ionized-bubble size distribution during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) through the real-space cross-correlation of 21-cm and star-forming line-intensity maps. Understanding the evolution and timing of the EoR is crucial for both astrophysics and cosmology, and a wealth of information on the first sources can be extracted from the study of ionized bubbles. Nevertheless, directly mapping bubbles is challenging due to the high redshifts involved, possible selection biases, and foregrounds in 21-cm maps. Here, we exploit the real-space cross-correlation $\xi_{21,\nu}$ between 21-cm and line-intensity mapping (LIM) signals to reconstruct the evolution of bubble sizes during reionization. For the first time, we show that $\xi_{21,\nu}(r)$ departs from a saturation level for each separation $r$ when bubbles of size $r$ begin to form, providing a handle for the onset of bubbles of each radius. Moreover, we demonstrate that $\xi_{21,\nu}$ evolves from positive to negative as the EoR progresses, reaching a minimum (i.e. maximum anti-correlation) when bubbles of radius $r$ reach peak abundance. We show that these results are robust to changes in the astrophysical model as well as the timing/topology of reionization. This real-space observable complements usual Fourier-space estimators by capturing the localized nature of bubbles, offering new insights into the sources driving cosmic reionization.