Bosonic statistics enhance Maxwell's demon in photonic experiment

TL;DR

This paper experimentally demonstrates that bosonic (indistinguishable photon) statistics enhance the effectiveness of Maxwell's demon in creating a temperature difference, confirming a long-standing theoretical prediction about quantum thermodynamics.

Contribution

The study provides the first experimental validation that bosonic statistics improve Maxwell's demon performance using a programmable linear-optics platform.

Findings

Indistinguishable photons produce a greater temperature difference than distinguishable ones.

The experiment confirms the theoretical prediction about bosonic enhancement in thermodynamic processes.

Results suggest a new way to validate boson-sampling platforms thermodynamically.

Abstract

Maxwell's demon elucidates the value of information in thermodynamics, using measurement and feedback: he evolves an equilibrated gas into a nonequilibrium state, from which one might extract work. The demon can evolve the system farther from equilibrium, on average, if the particles obey Bose-Einstein statistics than if they are distinguishable. We experimentally support this decade-and-a-half-old prediction by comparing indistinguishable with distinguishable photons. We use a fully programmable linear-optics platform, whose local photon statistics were shown recently to behave thermally. Our demon nondestructively measures the number of photons in a subset of the modes. Guided by the outcome, he conditionally interchanges the measured and unmeasured modes. This interchange creates a positive temperature difference between a mode in a particular subset and a mode in the other. The temperature difference is greater, on average, if the photons are indistinguishable. This result bolsters a long-standing prediction about the interplay among thermodynamics, information, and quantum particle statistics. Additionally, this work suggests a thermodynamic means of weakly validating boson-sampling platforms.