Let Leaders Play Games: Improving Timing in Leader-based Consensus

TL;DR

This paper introduces 2-Prop, a double-block proposal mechanism that mitigates timing games in leader-based blockchains by incentivizing proposers to avoid delaying blocks, thus improving fairness and efficiency.

Contribution

The paper proposes 2-Prop, a novel double-proposal mechanism with reward sharing, to prevent strategic timing delays and enhance fairness in leader-based consensus protocols.

Findings

2-Prop encourages proposers to avoid delaying blocks in homogeneous networks.

In heterogeneous networks, faster proposers tend not to delay unless others are very slow.

The mechanism induces a Nash Equilibrium where proposers propose without delay.

Abstract

Propagation latency is inherent to any distributed network, including blockchains. Typically, blockchain protocols provide a timing buffer for block propagation across the network. In leader-based blockchains, the leader -- block proposer -- is known in advance for each slot. A fast (or low-latency) proposer may delay the block proposal in anticipation of more rewards from the transactions that would otherwise be included in the subsequent block. Deploying such a strategy by manipulating the timing is known as timing games. It increases the risk of missed blocks due to reduced time for other nodes to vote on the block, affecting the overall efficiency of the blockchain. Moreover, proposers who play timing games essentially appropriate MEV (additional rewards over transaction fees and the block reward) that would otherwise accrue to the next block, making it unfair to subsequent block proposers. We propose a double-block proposal mechanism, 2-Prop, to curtail timing games. 2-Prop selects two proposers per slot to propose blocks and confirms one of them. We design a reward-sharing policy for proposers based on how quickly their blocks propagate to avoid strategic deviations. In the induced game, which we call the Latency Game, we show that it is a Nash Equilibrium for the proposers to propose the block without delay under homogeneous network settings. Under heterogeneous network settings, we study many configurations, and our analysis shows that a faster proposer would prefer not to delay unless the other proposer is extremely slow. Thus, we show the efficacy of 2-Prop in mitigating the effect of timing games.