Adsorption of Water on Pristine Graphene: A van der Waals Density Functional Study with the vdW-C09 Approach

TL;DR

This study uses van der Waals density functional theory to quantify water molecule adsorption on pristine graphene, revealing weak physisorption dominated by dispersion forces and identifying the most stable adsorption configuration.

Contribution

First detailed DFT analysis of water adsorption on pristine graphene using the vdW-C09 functional, exploring multiple sites and orientations for accurate energy estimation.

Findings

Adsorption energies range from -93 to -145 meV.

Most stable configuration is the Down orientation above the hexagon center.

Adsorption is dominated by weak van der Waals forces, confirming graphene's hydrophobic nature.

Abstract

Understanding how water interacts with graphene at the molecular level is essential for advancing nanomaterial applications in filtration, catalysis, and environmental technologies. This study establishes a quantitative baseline for assessing how structural defects, dopants, or surface functionalization may enhance water adsorption, providing insights for the rational design of graphene-based materials in water purification, sensing, and nanofluidic applications. In this work, we employed density functional theory (DFT) with the vdW-C09 functional to investigate the adsorption of a single water molecule on pristine graphene, accurately accounting for long-range dispersion forces. Three high-symmetry adsorption sites-the center of the hexagonal ring, the C-C bond, and the top site-were explored in combination with three molecular orientations: Down, H-bond, and Up configurations. The calculated adsorption energies range from -93 to -145 meV (milli-electron volts), indicating that the interaction is dominated by weak van der Waals forces characteristic of physisorption. The most stable configuration corresponds to the Down orientation above the center of the hexagonal ring, with an adsorption energy of -145 meV and an equilibrium distance of 3.27 A (angstrom), defined as the vertical separation between the oxygen atom of the water molecule and the graphene plane. These results are in close agreement with previous theoretical studies and confirm the non-reactive and hydrophobic nature of pristine graphene.