Hints of sign-changing scalar field energy density and a transient acceleration phase at $z\sim 2$ from model-agnostic reconstructions

TL;DR

This paper uses a model-agnostic, data-driven approach to reconstruct the late-time expansion history of the universe, revealing a sign-changing dark energy density and a possible transient acceleration phase around redshift 2.

Contribution

It introduces a Gaussian-process-based reconstruction method that constrains dark energy dynamics and scalar-field models, highlighting the possibility of sign-changing dark energy density and a transient acceleration epoch.

Findings

Dark energy density changes sign at a certain redshift.

A two-field scalar model can accommodate smooth phantom-divide crossings.

Hints of an additional acceleration phase around redshift 2.

Abstract

We present a data-driven reconstruction of the late-time expansion history and its implications for dark-energy dynamics. Modeling the reduced Hubble rate with a node-based Gaussian-process-kernel interpolant, we constrain the reconstruction using CC, Pantheon+ SNIa, BAO data from SDSS and DESI, transversal BAO data, and external $H_0$ priors (SH0ES and H0DN). Assuming GR at the background level, we map the reconstructed kinematics onto a dark-energy fluid and a scalar-field description, yielding the total potential and kinetic contributions that reproduce the inferred $H(z)$. To interpret the reconstruction, we consider both a minimal single-field model (canonical or phantom) and a two-field (quintom) system consisting of one canonical and one phantom scalar field (or families). Within the GR-based effective-fluid mapping, the inferred dark-energy density changes sign for all dataset combinations explored, transitioning from $\rho_{\rm DE}<0$ at higher redshift to $\rho_{\rm DE}>0$ toward the present, and defining a transition redshift $z_\dagger$ by $\rho_{\rm DE}(z_\dagger)=0$. A single canonical scalar cannot realize such a smooth evolution during expansion, whereas a phantom field or a two-field quintom framework can accommodate the required behavior; in particular, the two-field system permits smooth phantom-divide crossings at finite $\rho_{\rm DE}>0$ and distinguishes them from the separate notion of a density zero crossing. The reconstructed kinematics admit intermediate-redshift structure in some combinations, including hints of an additional accelerated-expansion interval around $z\sim 1.7$--$2.3$. The present-day equation of state remains close to a cosmological constant: combinations including supernovae give $w_0\simeq -1$, while combinations without supernovae but with an external $H_0$ prior show only a mild preference for $w_0<-1$ at the $\sim1.5$--$1.7\sigma$ level.